Chikungunya virus chikv is an arbovirus in the family togaviridae. In silico study on antichikungunya virus activity of. A number of chikungunya outbreaks have occurred since 2005. Chikungunya virus iris paho home pan american health. Chikungunya virus is the cause of an ongoing epidemic in india and the islands of the southwest indian ocean e. Like other alphaviruses, chikv replicates its genomic rna in. Walter tabachnicks thoughts on controlling chikungunya. Organization of the chikungunya virus genome, including the nonstructural and structural polyprotein open reading frames, and the 26s or subgenomic promoter. This book describes the molecular biology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, and potential strategies for control of chikungunya virus chikv infection. Aug, 2010 chikungunya virus chikv, an arthritogenic alphavirus, is transmitted to humans by infected aedes ae. Chikungunya virus chikv is a mosquitoborne virus responsible for periodic and explosive outbreaks of a febrile disease that is characterized by severe and sometimes prolonged polyarthritis. The surface of a chikungunya virus particle consists of 240 e3e2e1 protein complexes, shown in blue red yellow, respectively. Chapter 2 dengue virus life cycle and pathogenesis. The photo on the right is the structure of a togaviridae family virus and represents the photo of a chikungunya virus.
The chikungunya virus, which wreaks havoc on joints, has spread via mosquitoes in tropical regions. Chikungunya virus chikv is the aetiological agent of the mosquitoborne. Chikungunya virus an overview sciencedirect topics. Studies on the replication of chikungunya virus have focused on the effects of mutations and adaptation to new insect vectors and associated virulence. In late 20, the first local transmission of chikungunya virus in the americas was identified in caribbean countries and territories.
Elucidation of the 3d structure of chikungunya virus. Chikungunya virus chikv is a reemerging arbovirus that calls for immediate attention. These complexes are arranged in a symmetrical order around the. The maturation process of alphaviruses involves proteolysis of some of the structural proteins before assembling with nucleocapsids to produce mature virions. Chikv infection is usually characterized by an acute onset of fever, rash, and arthralgias, and is often accompanied by headache, joint swelling, and conjunctivitis. Chikungunya is an infection caused by the chikungunya virus chikv. A chikungunya fever vaccine utilizing an insectspecific. Chikungunya fever is a viral infection caused by the chikungunya virus that causes abrupt onset of fever, debilitating arthralgias and myalgias, and some rare but serious atypical presentations in. An analysis of the chikungunya viruss genetic code suggests that the increased severity of the 2005present outbreak may be due to a change in the genetic sequence, altering the virus viral coat protein, which potentially allows it to multiply more easily in mosquito cells. Targeting the chikungunya virus replication process for. It is transmitted to humans by viruscarrying aedes mosquitoes. Reemergence of chikungunya virus, a mosquitotransmitted pathogen, is of serious public health concern. Chikungunya virus consists of a single stranded positive sense rna.
Pdf the crystal structure of chikungunya chikv virus capsid protease domain has been determined at 2. Chikungunya virus advances in biology pathogenesis and. Emergence and potential for spread of chikungunya virus in. Pdf structural and phenotypic analysis of chikungunya virus rna. Function of chikungunya virus structural proteins springerlink. Structural studies of chikungunya virus maturation pnas. Chikungunya virus chikv is the causative agent of the acute febrile illness called chikungunya fever chikf that often leads to painful and long lasting arthritic sequelae. In the past 15 years, after decades of infrequent, sporadic outbreaks, the virus has caused major epidemic outbreaks in africa, asia, the indian ocean, and more recently the caribbean and the americas. Chikungunya is a disease that is caused by the chikungunya virus which is transmitted to humans by infected mosquitoes. Establish a relationship with your local health dept. Genome organisation and molecular structure of chikungunya virus.
May 10, 2020 organization of the chikungunya virus genome, including the nonstructural and structural polyprotein open reading frames, and the 26s or subgenomic promoter. The chikungunya virus is not very particular on where it replicates, therefore reproduction can take place in many different organs of the body chazal, gerlier 2003. Glycoprotein organization of chikungunya virus particles. Molecular characterization of chikungunya virus isolates from. Chikungunya virus nsp2mediated host shutoff disables the unfolded protein response j gen virol vir. A risk to anyone traveling to a region of the world where chikungunya virus is found. Since a reemergence of chikv in 2004, the virus has spread into novel locations, such as europe, and has led to millions of cases of disease throughout countries in and around the indian ocean. Its name is derived from a word in the makonde language that means contorted or bent, and it refers to the stooped appearance of its victims who suffer from severe joint pain.
Chikungunya virus is often cited as a cause of hemorrhagic disease but in reality such a sequel is rare. A crippling mosquitoborne virus with a tonguetwisting name chikungunya has spread to the caribbean, and u. Following diagram shows the classification of chikungunya virus. The clinical similarity of chikv to other arbovirus infections makes diagnosis difficult on the basis of clinical symptoms alone, particularly as arboviruses such as dengue virus and now zika virus may cocirculate in the same geographical regions and are. Pdf structurefunction insights into chikungunya virus capsid. Alphavirus including 29 viruses within the genus comprising three groups. Phylogenetic trees were produced using the neighbour joining method. Polyacrylamide gel analysis of the structural proteins of african and asian strains of chikungunya virus, an alphavirus, showed that both strains contain three structural proteins.
Chikv was first recognized as a human pathogen after it was isolated from the serum of an infected patient during an outbreak of debilitating arthritic. Arboviruses or arthropodborne viruses, represent a threat for the new century. Sep 15, 2009 the disease is caused by chikungunya virus chikv, an arthropodborne virus that is transmitted to humans primarily via the bite of an infected mosquito. Other symptoms may include headache, muscle pain, joint swelling, and a rash. New vaccine approaches that safely elicit immunity are needed to protect against infectious disease. The introduction of chikungunya virus chikv to the caribbean in 20 resulted in large outbreaks throughout the americas. Rarely, it can spread from mother to newborn around the time of birth.
Pdf chikungunya virus chikv is a reemerging, pathogenic alphavirus. The alphavirus genome consists of a singlestranded positivesensed 11. Structures of chikungunya viruslike particles in complex with strongly neutralizing antibody. The chikungunya virus genome is 11,805 nucleotides long and encodes for two polyproteins the non structural polyprotein consisting of four proteins nsp1, nsp2, nsp3 and nsp4 and the structural polyprotein consisting of five proteins capsid, e3, e2, 6k and e1 see figure 2. Dec 19, 2016 new vaccine approaches that safely elicit immunity are needed to protect against infectious disease. There are 29 different types of alphaviruses that cause diseases in humans and other mammals. Text is available under the creative commons attributionsharealike license. Global risk outbreaks have occurred in parts of africa, europe. Chikungunya virus chikv is a reemerging, pathogenic alphavirus transmitted to humans by aedes spp. The disease chikungunya is a viral disease that is transmitted to people by mosquitoes it has occurred in africa, southern europe, southeast asia, and islands in the indian and pacific oceans in late 20, chikungunya was found for the first time in. Combine the reagents in the above order in an rnase free centrifuge tube. Chikungunya is a mosquitoborne viral disease, caused by the chikungunya virus family.
Structural and phenotypic analysis of chikungunya virus rna. It is an old world alphavirus belonging to the semliki forest antigenic complex, which also includes bebaru virus, mayaro virus, onyong nyong virus, ross river virus, getah virus, semliki forest virus, and una virus. Dec 06, 2010 the surface of a chikungunya virus particle consists of 240 e3e2e1 protein complexes, shown in blue red yellow, respectively. By combining structural mapping with such a systematic reverse genetic approach.
Apr 30, 2015 the chikungunya virus chikv is a reemerging mosquitoborne alphavirus posing a significant public health problem in tropical and subtropical regions. Structural studies of chikungunya viruslike particles complexed. Jun 17, 2014 a crippling mosquitoborne virus with a tonguetwisting name chikungunya has spread to the caribbean, and u. Chikungunya virus chikv disease agent characteristics. Jun 26, 2014 the mosquitoborne chikungunya virus chikv. Chikungunya virus has an approximately 12 kb positivesense rna genome that encodes four nonstructural proteins nsp14, with five structural proteins c, e3, e2, 6k, and e1 expressed from subgenomic rna synthesised in infected cells. University of groningen dengue and chikungunya virus van duijl. Symptoms are fever, joint and muscle pain, headache, nausea, fatigue and rash. Now it has found a way to hijack a second mosquito, posing a threat to people in europe, north. Chikungunya is a member of the alphavirus genus in the family togaviridae. The structure has a diameter of about 50nm to 70nm. These typically occur two to twelve days after exposure. Akahata w, yang zy, andersen h, sun s, holdaway ha, kong wp, lewis mg, higgs s, rossmann mg, rao s, nabel gj 2010 a viruslike particle vaccine for epidemic chikungunya virus protects nonhuman primates against infection.
Chikv is primarily transmitted by female mosquitoes of the aedes genus, namely aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus, though culex ethiopicus and. The pan american health organization welcomes requests for permission to. A virus spread through aedes species mosquito bites. Chikungunya virus chikv is an emerging mosquitoborne alphavirus that has caused widespread outbreaks of debilitating human disease in the past five years 1. Laboratory diagnosis of chikungunya virus infections and. Countries with reported local transmission of chikungunya virus as of july 2014 the mosquitoes aedes. In late 20, chikungunya was found for the first time in the americas on islands in the caribbean. Alphavirus causes a febrile illness chikungunya fever, or chik typically accompanied by rash and severe, debilitating arthralgia. It offers insight into the structure and functions of chikv proteins as they relate to host response, interaction with the arthropod vector, and vaccination. Pain and swelling are usually focused in the hands, wrists, ankles, and feet and can persist for years to cause not only major public health effects but. Chikungunya virus chikv is the causative agent of an emerging disease. Replication stage involves assembly of genetic material and viral proteins that are produced in the host cell chazal, gerlier 2003. In 2015, a total of 679 chikungunya virus disease cases were reported to arbonet the national arboviral surveillance system managed by the cdc from 44 u. Durand, in mandell, douglas, and bennetts principles and practice of infectious diseases eighth edition, 2015.
Jan 30, 2019 chikungunya is a virus that spread by the same kinds of mosquitoes that spread dengue and zika virus. Chikungunya virus baylor college of medicine houston, texas. Chikungunya is caused by the chikungunya virus chikv, an arthropodborne virus arbovirus. Prior to 20, chikungunya virus cases and outbreaks had been identified in countries in africa, asia, europe, and the indian and pacific oceans.
Chikungunya virus chikv is a mosquitoborne virus, which was first reported. Chikungunya virus chikv is a rapidly emerging mosquitoborne. We mutated the proteolytic cleavage site on e2 envelope protein, which is necessary in initiating the maturation process. The 20052006 year unprecedented epidemics of chikungunya virus chikv in the french reunion island in the indian ocean, followed by several outbreaks in other parts of the world such as india, have attracted the attention of clinicians, scientists, and state authorities about the risks linked to this re. Chikungunya virus chikv, first isolated in 1953 during an epidemic in tanzania among the makonde tribe, is a mosquitoborne. In the study, reversetranscription pcr rt pcr and virus isolation detected chikv in patient samples and also in adult ae. Rossmann mg, bernal r, pletnev sv 2001 combining electron microscopic with xray. Chikungunya virus chikv, first isolated in 1953 during an epidemic in tanzania among the makonde tribe, is a mosquitoborne alphavirus in the family togaviridae. Aedes mosquitoes also spread dengue and zika viruses. University of groningen dengue and chikungunya virus van.
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